Method and device for configuring a single frequency network

ABSTRACT

A telecommunication system is provided comprising a Single Frequency Network, which enables the activation and respectively deactivation of base stations (SCn−SCn+3), each providing a radio cell such as a so-called Small Cell (SCn−SCn+3). Single Frequency Networks provide the advantage that no handover procedures are required for user equipment traversing several radio cells. The subject matter of the present invention provides means for a location based adaption of the transmission parameters for operating the Small Cells (SCn−SCn+3) in dependence of the location of the user equipment to be supplied.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/549,543, filedAug. 8, 2017, which is the United States national phase of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/EP2016/052924, filed Feb. 11, 2016, whichclaims the benefit of priority of EP15154705.6, filed Feb. 11, 2015, theentire contents of these applications which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention is directed towards a telecommunication systemcomprising a single frequency network, SFN, which enables the activationand respectively deactivation of particular base stations forming theSFN, each base station providing a radio cell such as a so-called smallcell. SFNs provide the advantage that within the SFN no handoverprocedures are required for user equipment traversing several radiocells.

BACKGROUND

WO 2009/058752 A1 discloses an apparatus for receiving systeminformation updates including a wireless transmit receive unit, WTRU,being configured to receive a system frame number. The WTRU is alsoconfigured to receive system information messages in a modificationperiod. The modification period has a boundary determined by the systemframe number. The WTRU is configured to receive system informationchange notification after a first modification change boundary anddetermines that the system information is valid until a secondmodification change boundary.

US 2012/0188878 A1 discloses the transmission of primary and secondarycontrol information for user equipment, UE, to operate in a wide areaSFN and a local area SFN respectively. The first control information istransmitted over the wide area SFN whereas the second controlinformation may be transmitted over the local SFN or a dedicatedchannel. The first control information may contain scheduling of thesecond control information and the second control information may bedifferent in different local areas within the same SFN. Local SFNs usedistinct pilots or other physical channel parameters to give UEs achance to distinguish between local SFNs. Furthermore a method totransmit local SFNs and UEs to receive these in awareness of thedifferent SFNs and utilizing means to distinguish different SFNs isprovided.

US 2008/0025240 A1 discloses first transmissions of data over an SFN andsecond transmissions or re-transmissions of the same data in non-SFNmanner scheduled so that re-transmissions do not disturb reception offurther SFN-transmissions.

US 2013/0029706A1 discloses a wireless spectrum sharing using SFN at acertain transmission power, wherein no position dependent resource usageis provided in an SFN.

WO 2009/124261 A2 discloses the provision of a program guide via an SFNthat spans over the coverage area of one or more Multiple FrequencyNetworks MFNs and provides information about content and frequency oftransmissions of the MFNs.

US 2014/0226638A1 teaches a detection of a system information broadcastin an SFN.

A further network arrangement is described in JP 2009-246860 in which acombination of directional base station transmitters and timing offsetsis used. By employing directional antennas, only a relatively smallregion of signal overlap from neighbouring base stations results and inthis region, through use of transmission timing offsets, signals fromtwo base stations are received in this overlap region with a small timeoffset.

Wireless communication systems are known, which are widely deployed toprovide various types of communication content to several types of enddevices. Such systems may be multiple-access systems capable ofsupporting communication with multiple users by sharing the transmissionresources, such as a frequency per time slot or in general bandwidth.Known multiple access systems are referred to as code division multipleaccess CDMA systems, time division multiple access TDMA systems,frequency division multiple access FDMA systems, family members of theLong Term Evolution LTE family of standards such as LTE-A andfurthermore orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA,systems.

A wireless multiple access communication system supports communicationfor multiple wireless terminals simultaneously. A wireless communicationnetwork may include a number of base stations that can supportcommunication for a number of wireless devices. Wireless devicescomprise user equipment and remote end devices. An SFN is a broadcastnetwork where several transmitters simultaneously transmit the samesignal over the same frequency channel or over the same range offrequencies (e.g., in case of OFDMA systems such as LTE/LTE-A, over thesame range of sub carrier frequencies) to user equipment. A simplifiedform of SFN can be established by a low power co-channel repeater,booster or broadcast translator. The aim of an SFN is efficientutilization of the radio spectrum and the avoidance of signallingefforts for handovers. An SFN also increases the coverage area comparedto a Multiple Frequency Network MFN, since the total received signalstrength may increase in positions between the transmitters.

In known cellular mobile radio systems, the currently existing so-calledMacro Cell network topology is enhanced by the establishment of smallerradio cells, the so-called “small cells”. This evolution from ahomogeneous to a heterogeneous network topology is performed byinstalling additional base stations providing cells of small range. Themobile network operators are currently focusing primarily on the mostfrequented hot spots, such as train stations, shopping centres, and thelike, in which a large number of mobile users are constantly presentMacro cells and small cells can be operated in different frequencyranges. A macro cell layer can be established, usually by means of lowerfrequencies, and small cell layers are usually operated at higherfrequencies. The small cells can be connected via backhaul connectionsto the core network of the mobile network operator.

User equipment can be transferred both within a layer as well as betweena macro cell layer and a small cell layer by means of a cell handoverprocedure. Such a handover is based at least on the reception of basiccell specific information as well as the measurement of received fieldstrengths being measured on the downlink reference signals, which areperformed according to a predefined configuration in the mobile device.The measurement results are transmitted from the mobile end device tothe serving base station, the so-called “serving eNB”. During knownhandover procedures, the new radio cell, the so-called “target eNB”, isprepared for the upcoming handover of the mobile device. This isperformed by means of backhaul connections in the core network, in caseof LTE via an S1 interface or between the involved base stations, incase of LTE via an X2 interface.

According to the prior art signalling overhead results from each of thecell handover procedures according to three aspects: on the airinterface, in the Radio Access Network (RAN), and the Core Network (CM).Furthermore handover procedures require computing power, also in threeways: in the mobile device, in the involved base stations, and the corenetwork. In addition, delays on the bandwidth-limited transmission pathsof the networks are generated.

Due to these disadvantages, mobile devices, which are moving quickly,should not be passed frequently from one cell to another. As a resultfast moving mobile devices are often kept on the macro cell layer. Thus,fast moving mobile devices often cannot benefit from the advantages thesmall cell layer offers.

General Description

It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome theaforementioned problems and especially it is the object of the presentinvention to provide a telecommunication system, which avoids frequenthandovers of fast traveling user equipment, which travels from cell tocell. Hence, the problem to be solved is to reduce signaling overhead ina resource efficient way.

Accordingly, a method for configuring a single frequency network isprovided, the method comprising detecting a location of at least oneuser equipment and configuring at least one transmission parameter of aplurality of base stations forming the single frequency network as afunction of the detected user equipment location.

The single frequency network comprises a variety of small cells, whichtogether build a common network, which appears to the user equipment asa single network. This is due to the same transmission resources beingapplied within a network, such that no handovers are required from onesmall cell to another small cell. This user equipment, the base stationsand any further network components can therefore avoid to transmitsignalling information for handover purposes which provides theadvantage of reduced transmission overhead along with further avoidanceof efforts being implied respective signalling such as energyconsumption and allocation of resources.

As sets of user equipment are only communicating with a subset ofavailable base stations, such inactive base stations can be deactivated.Hence, when a user equipment travels from one location to another thebase stations being responsible for its supply at the first location mayno longer be required in the second place. The user equipment beinglocated in the second location may require other base stations, whichare now in close proximity. It is therefore an aspect of the presentinvention to locate the user equipment and derive a subset of requiredbase stations at this measured location, which are then activated. Theother way round, more distant base stations, which are no longersuitable for the supply of the user equipment can be deactivated.

Hence, it is an aspect of the present invention to define subsets ofbase stations, which are required in one case or are not required in afurther case. This partitioning of the network is accomplished bydefining clusters of base stations, which imply clusters of radio cells,each radio cell contributing to the overall SFN. In an MFN scenario oneradio cell is distinguished from another by applying orthogonalresources, which holds for the definition of SFN clusters as well. Acluster of base stations can be defined as a number of base stations,which share the same resources, such as frequency per period of time(first SFN cluster). A further cluster of base stations and thereforeradio cells may be operated using orthogonal resources (in comparisonwith the first SFN cluster). For interference avoidance between radiocells and/or clusters of radio cells, so-called guard regions may beinstalled which are discussed later on.

In general the present invention is not limited to a specific number ofclusters, while clusters can be defined as lying ahead of a userequipment, being in close proximity and maybe serving the userequipment, or clusters which are already passed by the user equipmentand are therefore to be deactivated. The information of the relativelocation of the user equipment and the base stations can be determinedby known location detection techniques. This may comprise locating theposition of the base stations and locating the position of the userequipment. It may furthermore be the case that at least one of theaforementioned positions is already known. A static base station may forinstance transmit its location to a central device such that only theuser equipment is to be located. In case the user equipment is locatedseveral times a direction and/or a velocity can be derived. Hence, onecan estimate not only the current position but the further locations canbe predicted. In this way it can be identified whether a user equipmentis approaching a base station. Future serving cells can by activated indue time.

An activation or deactivation of base stations means to turntransmission power on or off, but the present invention is notrestricted to this definition. It may be the case that the base stationsare previously operated according to transmission parameters, which makethe base station not perceivable by the user equipment. Activation mayrefer to switching transmission parameters such that the base station isoperated in a way that the user equipment can perceive its presence andreceive signals. Hence, activation does not require that a base stationis previously completely turned off. From the perspective of the userequipment the base station becomes visible by its activation. Adefinition of a deactivation holds the same features, namely that adeactivation does not require a complete turning off. An activation mayalso imply that a first low transmission power of a base station isincreased to a high transmission power and vice versa when deactivatingthe base station. An activation may also imply that a base stationoperating on resources that are momentarily invisible to the userequipment in question is assigned to a particular SFN cluster operatingon resources that are visible for the user equipment (i.e. resourcesthat are orthogonal to the resources used previously) when this isapproaching, and vice versa when deactivating the base station.

The user equipment may freely be carried around by a human user or belocated within or attached to a vehicle such as a train or a car. Theresulting movement behaviour can be detected and the transmissionparameters can be adapted accordingly. In case the carrier of the userequipment travels at high speed the base stations need to bereconfigured according to new transmission parameters within a shortperiod of time. Furthermore, the transmission parameters can be adaptedaccordingly. For instance, a train passing by may require a hightransmission power, while a pedestrian may require a smallertransmission power. This type of power adjustment considers theestimated time a user equipment stays within a location and thereforestays in a radio cell.

According to a further aspect of the present invention in case the userequipment approaches at least one base station this at least one basestation is activated. This provides the advantage that a user equipment,which is in close proximity can be served by previously distant basestations. Further SFN areas can be established such that it is alreadyin function a priori to the arrival of a user equipment.

According to a further aspect of the present invention in case the userequipment has passed a base station this base station can bedeactivated. This provides the advantage that base stations which are nolonger needed can be switched off or they can be operated under usage ofadapted transmission parameters. Hence, unused base stations can providetheir services to other tasks such as the establishment of a differentSFN. Again, deactivating means to disconnect from the user equipment orto provide a different service.

According to a further aspect of the present invention the SFN ispartitioned into clusters by operating subsets of base stations usingrespectively orthogonal resources. This provides the advantage that avariety of small cells can be operated under usage of the sametransmission parameters and therefore a subset of available basestations can be activated and a further subset of base stations can bedeactivated.

According to a further aspect of the present invention the location isdetected repeatedly for estimating a movement behaviour. This providesthe advantage that further locations can be interpolated and movementinformation such as a velocity and a direction of the user equipment canbe derived. In this way a movement vector can be computed.

According to a further aspect of the present invention detecting thelocation is accomplished repeatedly according to one of a predefinedschedule, predefined periods of time and a predefined user equipmentbehaviour profile. This provides the advantage that the estimations canbe planned such that a situation specific movement profile is derived.In case critical situations occur the measurement rate can be increased.In case frequent changes in direction are performed by the userequipment more measurements can be taken.

According to a further aspect of the present invention the at least onetransmission parameter is configured as a function of several detectedlocations of at least one user equipment. This provides the advantagethat the movement behaviour of the user equipment can be considered forprovision of transmission settings. For instance the transmission powercan be increased for fast traveling user equipment.

According to a further aspect of the present invention detecting alocation comprises at least one of detecting a presence of a userequipment, detecting a location of a user equipment, detecting atrajectory, detecting a direction of movement, detecting a movementbehaviour, estimating a movement behaviour, reading out a providedmovement profile and considering an estimated movement profile. Thisprovides the advantage that a variety of location detection techniquescan be applied. The location detection comprises direct measurements ofthe location as well as reading out already stored location information.Furthermore a location may be signalled by the reporting device itself,for example using information obtained using a global positioning bysatellite, GPS, system.

According to another aspect of the present invention location may alsobe predicted for example based on the location information previouslydetected.

According to a further aspect of the present invention configuring atleast one transmission parameter comprises forming a first cluster ofbase stations being operated according to a first set of transmissionsparameters and forming at least a second cluster of base stations beingoperated according to a second set of transmissions parameters. Thisprovides the advantage that clusters can be defined by operating basestations utilizing a first set of resources (e.g., operating on a firsttime-frequency-lattice) and operating other base stations utilizing asecond set of resources (e.g., operating on a secondtime-frequency-lattice) which is orthogonal to the first set ofresources. The person skilled in the art appreciates further ways foroperating clusters independently. Clustered base stations may forinstance be distinguished from others by a geographic distance.

According to a further aspect of the present invention a first clusterof base stations is activated as a function of the detected location andfurthermore a second cluster of base stations is deactivated as afunction of the detected location. This provides the advantage thatlocation information can be used for jointly operating subsets of basestations. Furthermore the activation of a first group of base stationscan trigger the deactivation of a second group of base stations and viceversa.

According to a further aspect of the present invention the userequipment is operated according to one of a group of standards, thegroup comprising GSM, UMTS, one of the LTE family of standards and oneof the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. This provides the advantage thataspects of a variety of legacy standards can be combined with theteachings of the present invention.

According to a further aspect of the present invention the userequipment is formed by one of a group of mobile devices, mobile phones,cell phones, handheld computers, notebooks, netbooks, PDAs, pagers,tablet computers, wireless modules, wireless sensors, navigation systemsand entertainment devices. This provides the advantage that aspects ofvariety of legacy devices can be combined with the teachings of thepresent invention.

According to a further aspect of the present invention a device (e.g., acluster management unit) for performing at least one of synchronizingbase stations, controlling base stations, partitioning sets of basestations, merging sets of base stations, configuring at least onetransmission parameter, and provision of transmission content to the atleast one base station is operated. This provides the advantage that acentral device is provided for managing the network and accomplishingoverall network controlling tasks.

According to a further aspect of the present invention “configuring atleast one transmission parameter” comprises one of activating the basestation, deactivating the base station, increasing a transmission power,decreasing a transmission power, switching between a first operationalmode (e.g., MFN) and another operational mode (e.g., SFN), switchingbetween a first transmission scheme (e.g., a first SFN cluster) andanother transmission scheme (e.g., a second SFN cluster), establishing aconnection between a base station and at least one user equipment andestablishing a connection between a base station and at least onefurther base station. This provides the advantage that the transmissionbehaviour can be adapted to the specific situation of the userequipment. It may be required to increase transmission power (e.g., totransition from dormant state into active state) in case a userequipment is approaching. In case the movement behaviour of the userequipment requires additional communication between the base stationsthey can establish a connection among each other and negotiatetransmission parameters.

The object is also solved by a device for configuring an SFN beingformed by a plurality of radio cells, comprising a locationdetermination unit for detecting a location of at least one userequipment and a cluster management unit being arranged to configure atleast one transmission parameter of a plurality of base stations as afunction of the detected user equipment location, each base stationproviding a radio cell.

The object is also solved by a system for configuring an SFN comprisinga plurality of base stations each providing a radio cell for forming theSFN, a location determination unit for detecting a location of at leastone user equipment and a cluster management unit being arranged toconfigure at least one transmission parameter of the plurality of basestations as a function of the detected user equipment location.

The system for configuring an SFN can be operated according to thepreviously defined aspects. The system may be implemented by atelecommunication provider or a network operator. A central controllingunit may be implemented or the respective functionality is distributedover a network and can be provided in a de-central fashion. The systemis compatible with commonly known user equipment (i.e. legacy mobiledevices already rolled out), as they can be passive. In case the userequipment do not contribute to the provided method and/or system thelocation detection can be accomplished on the network side or by devicesbeing external to the user equipment.

In the following scenarios are described in which at least one mobiledevice is mounted on a train or vehicle in general. The person skilledin that art recognizes that these aspects are only exemplary and thatthe described scenarios can be handled with other carriers fortransporting the mobile devices. They may for instance be carried by aperson or may be attached to further moving devices. Accordingly theconcepts referring to highways or railways can as well be accomplishedin further scenarios.

Fast moving user equipment are for example those being operated bypassengers in modem high-speed trains such as the ICE in Germany, theTGV in France or the Shinkansen in Japan. Such trains can travel atspeeds of more than 250 km/h. Also car drivers with their devices aswell as vehicle-mounted devices on a highway can move at high speed intoa specific direction. This movement behaviour results in frequenthandovers and therefore signalling overhead.

To overcome these problems network operators currently tend to supplylarge macro cells such that said handover scenarios occur only rarely.These devices can therefore not benefit from small cells with resultingshorter distances, a higher data rate and a lower utilization, but aresupplied by the macro cells in large numbers, which brings about largeeffort for their operation.

The cell-based architecture of current mobile networks is built on theassumption that there is always a best cell to camp on (or to connectto) for each terminal and that it is beneficial for the networkmanagement to define exactly one serving cell. This approach is overcomeby adapting to actual network topologies and new technologies.Heterogeneous networks comprise for instance overlapping large and smallcells. Current standards allow for a parallel connection to severalcells at the same time. Various techniques are being developed forsimultaneous communication from a plurality of base stations to a userequipment in order to achieve a diversification of transmissionchannels.

The present invention provides an improved network architecture forsupplying mobile devices by means of location static base stations BS orlocation static remote radio heads, RRH for short, but without therequirement of a determination of an optimal or a number of optimalsupplying entities. This architecture inherently incorporates manyoptimizations of current architectures and furthermore the disadvantagesof a single serving cell and dedicated handovers are overcome.

In an SFN, all base stations BS and remote radio heads RRH transmitapproximately the same signal. Hence, it makes no difference in thereceiving terminal from which BS or RRH respectively a signal isreceived. In case signals from several physically different channels aresuperimposed, they will be handled as a plurality of delayed receptionpaths of a single transmitter. The mobility of a terminal within an SFNdoes not require handovers as the terminal which departs out of the areaserved by the first base station (or RRH) into the coverage area of asecond base station (or RRH) will always receive the same signal.Resources being used in a single frequency network are always usedsynchronously and for the same content. Content being specificallyprovided for a single end device is also broadcast in regions being outof the range of the end devices. Therefore, single frequency networksSFN are typically used for data broadcasting, the so-called broadcastmode.

This invention is generally not limited to small cells but ratheraddresses all kinds of base stations BS or remote radio heads RRH, whilethe person skilled in the art appreciates further ways to establish anumber of radio cells and respective hardware components for theiroperation.

The present invention provides a position dependent single frequencynetwork SFN that can be implemented by installing multiple concatenatedsmall cells for instance along railroad tracks or highways. Hence, aplurality of terminals along a route, for instance a railway track or amotorway, can be supported by many small cells of a digital SFN beingoperated according to the LTE standard.

The SFN holds benefits as well as drawbacks, which are overcomeaccording to the present invention. Advantages of handover preventionare at least that there is no handover preparation and no signalling,which would require additional effort. Furthermore the disadvantages ofrelatively small cells for fast moving terminals are overcome. Theadvantages of small cells and a better supply of user equipment are alsogranted for fast moving terminals.

The disadvantage of an SFN is the resource consumption, which applies tothe entire SFN as the SFN is handled as a single cell. The subjectmatter of the present invention is contrary to the described techniquesas it uses resources within an SFN for different terminals differentlyand thus sends different signals and data. This means an adaption ofcurrently known SFNs, which can be performed with adaptions ofrespective protocol stacks. Hence, this aspect of the present inventioncan be realized straight forwarded with only minor adaptions of legacysystems. A key aspect of the present invention is the highly dynamicformation of distinct SFN clusters of reduced dimension within an SFN oflarge dimension and establishment of guard regions between said SFNclusters, so that different signals and data can be transmitted todifferent groups of terminals.

The criteria for such a resource usage are based on the distance of thesupplied terminals or on the knowledge that the signals that aretransmitted to different terminals do not significantly interfere witheach other. Resources that differ sufficiently in time, frequency orcode domain are defined as being orthogonal. Furthermore, resources areorthogonal in case the spatial distance is sufficiently large. Also, avirtual distance which is obtained by isolation or interferenceavoidance leads to orthogonal resources. Resources which are free ofinterference due to their geographical distance may overlap in time,frequency or code domain and still carry different signals without anydistortion.

The distance of end devices can be determined for instance in an SFNbeing defined by a plurality of small cells by the small cellsthemselves or for instance by a central position determining unit. Anuplink communication can be provided via the small cells, such that thesmall cells are able to indicate a geographic position, which can thenbe considered for adapting network parameters according to an aspect ofthe present invention.

A centrally located Resource Control Unit, RCU, may provide resourcesvia small cells within the SFN to the end devices, which are orthogonalin frequency, time or code domain within the same small cell or withinadjacent small cells. Resources being assigned to small cells or devicesof sufficient distance from each other, which are orthogonal due totheir distance, may be identical or at least not orthogonal in time,frequency and code domain. This is the case as they are alreadyorthogonal because of their distant locations. Therefore small cells andtheir terminals connected to them can be dynamically divided into SFNclusters as a function of their respective position. Within each SFNcluster resources are to be allocated orthogonally to each other. TheSFN clusters are at a sufficient distance already orthogonal regardingtheir resources.

There is a need to operate only a subset of small cells, which arerequired for communication with a user equipment within an SFN cluster.In the example of the train those small cells in front of the train andbehind the train, which are not in use, are disabled or at least aredeactivated, for instance based on the distance between thecorresponding SFN-cluster, for energy saving purposes or for use as adifferent SFN cluster. Hence, the active small cells of the SFN seem tomove with the train as they are only active at the train's presence.Only those cells in close proximity to the user equipment are activated.According to the present invention a close proximity can be detected bylocation measurements, which are for instance compared to a predefinedradius. Such a radius can be dynamically defined by adaption oftransmission power.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described merely by way of illustration withreference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows an SFN with a moving vehicle, here a railway train, and asmall cell activation and deactivation procedure according to an aspectof the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a system for configuring an SFN with respective networkcomponents according to an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows a further system for configuring an SFN with respectivenetwork components according to an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows a usage scenario of a system for operating an SFN accordingto an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a flow chart diagram providing a method for operating anSFN according to an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a further flow chart diagram providing a method foroperating an SFN according to a further aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 7A shows an establishment of user equipment clusters according toan aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 7B shows an establishment of further user equipment clustersaccording to a further aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 7C shows an establishment of further user equipment clustersaccording to a further aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 8A shows a long term evolution LTE time/frequency grid according toan aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 8B shows a further long term evolution LTE time/frequency gridaccording to a further aspect of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 shows signalling aspects for position determination by areference device according to a further aspect of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following same notions will be denoted with the same referencesigns unless indicated otherwise.

FIG. 1 shows an SFN with a moving vehicle in the form of a train atthree time instances and a small cell activation and deactivationprocedure according to an aspect of the present invention. During thejourney of the train from left to right, the small cells in front of thetrain are added to (a particular cluster of) the SFN, or activated, andafterwards after the train has passed, active base stations aredeactivated, or removed from (a particular cluster of) the SFN.

In vehicles, the channel quality may be affected by the car or vehicledesign regarding to metal cage, an outer skin of metal and the metalvaporized windows. Therefore, trains are often equipped with repeatersor relay nodes. According to the present invention it is of lesserrelevance whether the individual mobile stations are connected directlyto the small cells or whether they hold connections with repeaters or arelay nodes being mounted on the train, it may for instance be assumedthat on each wagon exactly one repeater or Relay Node is installed. Thedifference between repeaters and relay node is that a repeater amplifiesthe connections between the mobile stations in the train and a smallcell, while a relay node represents multiple mobile stations externallyand hence bundles their connections. The latter may lead to a singleconnection between a relay node and a small cell. Such a connectionshould preferably offer a high bandwidth.

The present invention provides a method for avoidance of frequent cellhandover procedures for a group of fast-moving mobile phones. Severalcells form a single frequency network SFN and resources are assigneddepending on the current position and continuously new radio cells areactivated and deactivated in the SFN. This can for instance be performedby means of operating single clusters. The adaptions are dynamicallyperformed in dependence of the velocity of the movement behaviour of thevehicle, as it is depicted in FIG. 1.

The appropriate point in time for activating or deactivating a radiocell can be determined in at least three several ways, which isdescribed in the following.

Firstly this can be accomplished by means of position detection. A unitbeing arranged for determining the position is provided, for instancethe position determination unit PDU, which detects a position based onactual active connections between the devices and radio cells.Furthermore measurements of received signal strengths for instance ondownlink reference signals can be accomplished by at least one referencedevice and furthermore by measurements being initiated and/or collectedby the mobile network. It is also possible to operate a reference devicein the moving vehicle providing Global Navigation Satellite System GNSSfunctionality, for instance GPS, for performing measurements beingsuitable for location detection.

Secondly, activation of base stations can be performed by means ofcluster partitioning. A cluster partitioning unit, CPU, groups devicesfor instance by an evaluation result of movement patterns and determinesexpansion of the SFN to grant the required orthogonality between thedifferent groups of terminals, for instance between the individual SFNclusters. In this case, it can use information being obtained by theposition detection unit.

Thirdly, a resource control can be performed. A so-called ResourceControl Unit, RCU, may manage the resources (e.g., provided by the SmallCell Layer) on the air interface, for example in the time-frequency gridof LTE or LTE-Advanced, grant the orthogonality between the resourcesfor different mobile devices within an SFN cluster and/or grantorthogonality between SFN clusters. For this purpose the RCU may obtaininformation from the CPU

It will be appreciated that further ways for location detection may beused and may as well combine aspects of the above mentioned techniques.Generally, the required direction and speed information can be obtainedin several ways. The exemplary options listed here for determining theposition will be described in more detail below.

The functional units described above are to be understood as logicalfunctional blocks. They can be implemented by a common physical unit,such as the one shown in FIG. 2 as the SFN Cluster Management Unit, SFNCMU, or they can be implemented by separated means in a centrallocation. These components can as well be distributed throughout thesystem, for example as a subdivision of a small cell base station or theMobility Management Entity, MME. A heterogeneous implementation ofcentralized and decentralized function blocks, only partiallydistributed in certain subdivisions in the system, as indicated in FIG.3, is also feasible. Which implementation is optimal depends largely onthe respective embodiment, such as option 1 (centralized), option 2(decentralized) and option 3 (mixed). Further to the aspects providedabove accordingly adapted protocols are suggested for enablingcommunication among those entities providing the required functionality.

FIG. 2 shows the centrally located SFN CMU holding the three abovementioned function blocks for operating the SFN according to option 1(centralized SFN CMU). This example shows two spatially separated SFNclusters.

According to an aspect of the present invention a division of labourbetween a central resource allocation unit and at least one localresource allocation unit is accomplished. The central resource controlunit, Central RCU, ensures the interference avoidance between theindividual SFN clusters. The local resource control unit, referred to asLocal RCU or cluster specific RCU, grants the interference avoidancebetween different devices within an SFN cluster. It can be arranged toimplement the scheduling function of the MAC protocol layer. Hence, thelocal resource control unit RCU controls the behaviour of severaltransmitters of a SFN cluster, for instance multiple small cells orremote radio heads.

FIG. 3 shows a partially decentralized arrangement of the functionalblocks of the SFN CMU for operating the SFN according to the abovedescribed option 3. Each SFN cluster x is assigned a local RCUx, whichassigns the resources of a resource pool being provided by a centrally“arranged “Central RCU”. Furthermore two spatially distant SFN clustersare indicated in this figure.

When activating a new radio cell a respective synchronizationinformation is exchanged, such that the new radio cell can be seamlesslyand quickly integrated into the behaviour of an already existing SFN. Asa time-normal for granting a high degree of synchronization a timesignal being provided by a satellite-based positioning system, such asGPS, can be used.

As part of its activation an added radio cell can be configured to beoperated in a specified subset of the SFN, for instance in a certainposition dependent SFN cluster. Used parameters are at least thefollowing:

-   -   downlink carrier frequency (dl-CarrierFreq)    -   downlink bandwidth (dl-Bandwidth)    -   Configuration Details of “Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel”        (phich-config)    -   List of mobile network identifiers (PLMN identities)    -   Identifying features of the paging area (Tracking Area Code)    -   Cell ID features (Cell Identity)    -   Uplink carrier frequency (ul CarrierFreq)    -   Uplink Bandwidth (ul-Bandwidth)

This list serves only as an example. Eventually less or additionalconfiguration parameters are transmitted, for instance those beingapplied in the Master Information Block MIB or in different types ofSystem Information Blocks SIBs of the position-dependent SFN.

Hence, a method is suggested providing a new network architecture forthe supply of mobile devices based on the use of a single-frequencynetwork for area-wide coverage and device-specific support, withoutclearly distinguished cells and without a specific predefined servingcell or a certain number of serving cells by the provider. Hence,aspects of cellular mobile radio networking are integrated into aposition-based and network-controlled telecommunication scenario.Furthermore, the subject of the present invention provides the featuressuch as a position-dependent allocation of resources for groups ofterminals and Small Cells within an SFN, the prevention of cell handoverprocedures and disconnections especially of fast-moving terminals in theRadio Access Network RAN, the prevention of cell handover procedures andTracking Area Update TAUs for fast moving terminals in the Core NetworkCN as well as the formation of cell subsets, such as orthogonal SFNclusters, within an SFN.

Hence, terminals can be served by all receivable cells, provided thatthey send the signal being meant for the terminal, without a complexmulti-cell reception configuration, which leads to a better reception,higher data rates and/or lower channel coding overhead. Furthermore animproved treatment of fast moving terminals by Small Cells in a SFN isachieved with a relatively short air interface, good call quality andhigh data throughput. The terminal virtually communicates with the samecell as there is no handover and no disconnection. The terminal doestherefore not recognize the presence of a cellular network topologycomprising multiple cells. In the backhaul of the network, there arealso no frequent handovers and no frequent Tracking Area Updates TAUs.The resource allocation may be accomplished without expensive and labourintense positioning methods as the already existing information derivedfrom communication between the terminals and the Small Cells may beused.

In the following further embodiments and aspects of the invention aredescribed, such as:

-   -   Part A: Management of resources    -   Part B: Options for implementing the RCU    -   Part C: Combining and separating SFN clusters    -   Part D: Position detection of terminals in IDLE mode    -   Part E: Activation and Deactivation of Small Cells    -   Part F: Further aspects of the invention

Although being described in different parts for an improved readabilitythe suggested aspects are can be combined for provision of the subjectmatter of the present invention.

Part A: Management of Resources

The RCU receives requests from small cells regarding resources forindividual terminals and serves these requests by allocation ofresources, for instance LTE resources. These resources are providedwithin the requesting small cell and since this is accomplished in anSFN the provision is performed only once even for neighbouring smallcells. Neighbouring small cells are for instance those being in aspecific geographic radius, for instance within a radius of 2kilometers. These small cells may form an SFN cluster. Small cellsoutside this radius, for example outside the SFN cluster may be assignedthe same resources for the supply of further user equipment UEs.

Information concerning the specific locations of the terminals and smallcells are in an example gathered by a Position Determination Unit PDU. ACluster Partitioning Unit CPU determines small cells and terminals thatare to be summarized as an SFN cluster. Alternatively, the CPUsummarizes several small cells of the same movement behaviour and/orlocation into a group such that terminals can be optimally supplied. Theresulting group information is communicated to the Resource Control UnitRCU. The three units PDU, CPU and RCU can be operated individually or asit is shown in FIG. 2 as a single SFN Cluster Management Unit SFN CMU.Furthermore, these units can be summarized for provision of a commonfunctionality of a single physical unit or they can be distributed, forexample among the small cells.

FIG. 4 depicts an SFN Cluster Management Unit (SFN CMU) providing atleast one of the three sub functions provided by the PDU, RCU or CPU asdescribed above. As shown, UE₃ enters an SFN already populated by UE₁and UE₂ and thereafter all UEs are managed by the SFN cluster managementunit.

FIG. 4 shows in a schematic illustration an SFN cluster management unitproviding the three functions PDU, RCU and CPU as described above. FIG.4 also depicts three small cells, SC1 to SC3, which are forming an SFN.In this exemplary SFN the user equipment UE1 and user equipment UE₂ arebeing served, user equipment UE3 approaches from a position outside ofthe SFN and will be integrated. FIG. 4 furthermore shows a SFNcomprising three radio cells SC1 to SC3, to which UE3 connects. Whilethe formation of SFN clusters is possible the terminals can also beindividually supplied. The so-called neighborhood or distanceconstraints between terminals, which are supplied with the sameresources, are determined and considered for the allocation ofresources.

Part B: Options for Implementing the RCU

The Resource Control Unit RCU can be implemented at least according tothe following three options:

-   -   Option 1: resources are assigned centrally: According to FIG. 2,        a centrally located unit for resource control RCU assigning        resources to all groups of small cells, for instance all SFN        clusters of the SFN, and establishes the required orthogonality        between the resources for different mobile devices within a SFN        cluster as well as the orthogonality required between different        SFN clusters. The RCU obtains information and evaluates        information received from the cluster partitioning unit CPU.    -   Option 2: a local RCU is assigned to each SFN cluster: The        resource allocation for each SFN cluster is accomplished        individually. Hence, orthogonality between the resources for        different mobile devices within a SFN cluster can be granted.    -   Orthogonality between different SFN clusters can be reached by        the RCU receiving and evaluating relevant information from the        unit for cluster partitioning CPU and continuously sharing        information about the allocated resources, especially between        adjacent clusters SFN.    -   Option 3: combining aspects of option 1 and 2 with a predefined        resource pool and a local scheduling.

A first unit for resource control RCU, which may be arranged centrally,provides a resource pool to a first group of small cells. A second groupof small cells can be assigned an identical or an overlapping resourcepool in case it is distant enough to the first group. The first group ofsmall cells can be a dynamically defined, for instance SFN cluster M,which supplies a first train or vehicle in general with the respectiveterminals, repeaters or relay nodes. Accordingly, the second group ofsmall cells, for instance SFN cluster N, supplies a second train orvehicle. The actually allocated resources for the terminals within eachSFN cluster are determined by a second decentralized resource controlunit, such as RCUm or RCUn as shown in FIG. 3, out of the resource poolsbeing defined by the Central RCU.

An exemplary message flow diagram for option 3 is provided by FIG. 5.The depicted units are those as already presented with reference to FIG.4. The communication system provides a centrally located resourceallocation unit (the so-called “Central RCU”) as well as a clusterspecific resource allocation unit with scheduler functionality (theso-called “Local RCU”). The latter ensures that the entire data within acluster is assigned to the individual SFN small cells and issynchronously transmitted under usage of the same resources. Thisfunction may be provided by small cell SC1 (as shown in FIG. 5) or byany other unit (not shown in FIG. 5 for sake of simplicity) in therespective SFN Cluster made up of SC1 to SC3. The “Central RCU” may beresponsible for coordinating resource usage of multiple (neighbouring)SFN clusters, for instance by taking into account various pieces ofinformation received from the Position Determination Unit PDU and/or theCluster Partitioning Unit CPU.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary first message flow diagram concerning option 3for the scenario being described in FIG. 4. Prior to user equipment UE3entering the SFN the base stations SC1 to SC3 are combined to form anSFN cluster and the terminals UE1 and UE2 are being served through thisSFN cluster. This procedure is determined by the cluster partitioningunit CPU according to an aspect of the present invention. The centralresource control unit Central RCU indicates in step 2 to the local RCU,which includes scheduler functionality, the resources for the respectiveuser equipment UEs. In case in step 3 data from the core network arereceived for transmission to the UEs, the local RCU provides in basestation SC1 for a synchronous transmission in all base stations of theSFN cluster to the UEs in steps 4 a and 4 b.

If user equipment UE3 enters the SFN as already being described withreference to FIG. 5, an UL signaling results in step 6, which can bereceived by base station SC3. Base station SC3 informs the positiondetermination unit PDU in step 7 either directly, as it is shown in FIG.5, or via the SFN Cluster Management Unit. The PDU determines theposition, in case it is necessary and possible with further informationavailable regarding the movement profile by evaluation of past positionreports and reports to the cluster partitioning unit CPU in a furtherstep 8. The CPU integrates UE3 in the cluster and informs the centralresource control unit Central RCU in step 10. The Central RCU ensuresthe supply of UE3 and can therefore reconfigure the resource pools foreach SFN cluster in an optional step 13 such that the local RCU in basestation SC1 also supplies the newly joint user equipment UE3. In case ina further step 14 data from the core network are received fortransmission to UE1 to UE3, which can be transmitted synchronously viathe assigned resources in the SFN cluster, the SFN cluster comprisingbase stations SC1 to SC3. See steps 15 a through 15 c respectively.

A further message flow diagram for option 3 is shown in FIG. 6. Hence,in the following only additional aspects regarding the previouslypresented FIG. 5 are specified. As the resources for the SFN cluster arecontrolled by a local RCU (or “cluster-specific RCU”), see FIG. 4, forinstance by base station SC1, the CPU must inform the local RCU aboutwhich cells and UEs belong to each of the SFN clusters. This may beperformed in step 10.

FIG. 6 shows a further exemplary second message flow diagram regardingoption 3 for the scenario being depicted in FIG. 4.

The Local RCU in base station SC1 checks whether the resources by whichthe UEs in the SFN cluster are supplied, are sufficient even after anadaption and if required demands additional resources in step 12 fromthe central resource control unit Central RCU. The Central RCU canrespond in a step 13 by providing additional resources. In case datafrom the core network are received for transmission to UE1 to UES instep 14, which can be transmitted synchronously via the assignedresources in the SFN cluster, the SFN cluster comprising the basestations SC1 to SC3. See steps 15 a through 15 c respectively.

Part C: Combining and Separating SFN Clusters

It may occur that the orthogonality requirement is not fulfilled due toa too short distance, for instance in case vehicles are approachingand/or are overtaking. In this case, the RCU may split the resourcepools or the individual resources such that orthogonality isreestablished. Regarding LTE this may happen by means of a beneficialresource allocation in the time/frequency grid. This is shown in FIGS.7A to 7C.

FIG. 7A shows a SFN cluster 1, effectively moving to the right and afurther SFN cluster 2, effectively moving to the left. Due to thesufficiently large distance between the two groups of terminals theresources in the corresponding SFN clusters are orthogonal to each otherat this point in time. As will be understood, it is the groups ofterminals which are moving, rather than the clusters but because ofcontinual activation and deactivation of the small cells forming theclusters, there is a virtual movement of the clusters.

Dx,y denotes a resource of the time/frequency grid of LTE orLTE-Advanced, for example a resource block or a resource element or evena different grouping of carrier frequencies and time intervals. Thefirst index “x” refers to the SFN cluster, the second index “y”identifies a UE within a group of end devices. D23 refers to theresource in the respective time frequency grid being allocated for thethird end device UE23 from the second SFN cluster. The same index isused for the end devices.

FIG. 7A shows two SFN clusters, which are effectively approaching toeach other, for instance groups of terminals on a street or on twoparallel railroad tracks. SFN cluster 1 moves to the right, while SFNcluster 2 moves to the left. Due to the sufficiently large distancebetween the two SFN clusters to each other the allocated resources arestill orthogonal regarding the two affected SFN clusters. The ClusterPartitioning Unit CPU can already derive from the information receivedfrom the Position Determination Unit PDU that both moving SFN clustersare approaching and that a reconfiguration of resources will benecessary in the near future. Hence, the RCU can prepare for combiningthe two subsets of the SFN clusters 1 and 2 regarding allocatedresources. The allocated resources can overlap in whole or in part forthe duration of the meeting.

FIG. 7B shows SFN cluster 1 and SFN cluster 2, which are in the sameplace or may at least overlap partially. The RCU establishesorthogonality between the SFN clusters upon combining the two resourcegrids.

FIG. 7B shows the location where the two SFN clusters 1 and 2 overlap.Because at this point the relative distance is too short noorthogonality is established between the two affected resource grids 1and 2. Thus, for supplying the terminals of both groups in aninterference-free way the Resource Control Unit RCU needs to reallocatethe resources timely. In the case of LTE/LTE-Advanced, this isaccomplished within the time frequency grid as shown in FIG. 7B: The“Combined Resource Lattice 1+2” contains resources being used byterminals of both SFN clusters. As the resources of each time/frequencygrid are limited, it may happen that in the combined time/frequency gridend devices can only use less resources than before, for example UE1.3;UE1.4 and UE1.5 in group 1 and all terminals UE 2, z in group 2.

FIG. 7C again shows SFN cluster 1 moving to the right and SFN cluster 2moving to the left. The groups of terminals have now passed each otherand the distance between both clusters again establishes orthogonality.The distance between the two SFN clusters is again sufficiently largesuch that the available resources of the time/frequency grid areorthogonal between the two affected SFN clusters. Therefore, the ClusterPartitioning Unit CPU triggers, based on the information that itreceives from the Position Determination Unit PDU, a separation of thetwo SFN clusters by a reconfiguration of resources. The allocation ofresources after the separation can be the same as it was before themeeting of the two terminal groups, as shown in FIG. 7A. It mayfurthermore be required to introduce so-called Guard Regions as unusedprotective areas as described in the following.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show two different network topologies. FIG. 8Ademonstrates a lack of overlap. Guard Regions are not required in thisexample. FIG. 8B demonstrates a partial overlap with Guard Regions. FIG.8A shows an exemplary LTE time frequency grid for four non-overlappingcells. The letters W, X, Y, . . . in FIGS. 8A and 8B denote resourcesfor a terminal or a terminal group.

FIG. 8A demonstrates a lack of overlap. In the present FIG. 8A thefollowing reference signs are used for illustration of an aspect of thepresent invention:

-   -   E, F, G, H, K, M, J and/or X: present only in one resource        lattice.    -   W, Y and/or N: present in two (neighbouring) resource lattices.    -   Z: present in three (neighbouring) lattices.

FIG. 8B shows an exemplary LTE time/frequency grid for four partiallyoverlapping cells covering an area. In the present FIG. 8B the followingreference signs are used for illustration of an aspect of the presentinvention:

-   -   J, M, X: present only in one resource lattice.    -   N, Y: present in two (neighbouring) resource lattices.    -   W, Z: present in three (neighbouring) lattices.    -   Guard regions are indicated b

Since the coverage areas of the radio cells 1 and 3 as well as thecoverage areas of radio cells 3 and 2 partially overlap in FIG. 8B(while radio cells 1 and 2 do not overlap), those resources that arealready used at location #1 and/or #2 cannot be used at location #3 forother terminal groups.

A resource allocation for an area can be highly dynamic. Hence, theestablishment of protection areas may be very dynamic. Such protectionareas can be established by guard regions, which are located between twosmall cells or between clusters for avoidance of interference. Theseregions assure that neighbouring entities such as small cells and/orclusters of small cells remain orthogonal regarding the usedtransmission resources.

Part D: Position Detection of Terminals which are in IDLE Mode

The position dependent resource allocation, in groups of terminals/smallcells or individually, does typically not require complex locationdetection techniques and can rely on already existing information aboutdevices communicating with small cells. This applies to terminals whichare operated in a CONNECTED mode. The position of terminals in the IDLEmode, which communicate based on timer in an uplink connection with thesmall cell need to be estimated. As they move along with a lot offurther devices, at least one of them will communicate on the uplink,such that after a few uplink connections, so-called Tracking AreaUpdates, a local relation between these devices and the movement ofsingle terminals of a SFN cluster can be derived. Hence, the clusterpartitioning unit CPU can estimate the position or the subset of smallcells, which are required for serving the end devices. Alternatively,terminals being arranged to locate their own position may inform thenetwork when leaving a specific range for instance a previously definedrange.

Part E: Activation and Deactivation of Small Cells

For a controlled activation and deactivation of the small cells,especially in scenarios where an operation is not needed for a certainperiod of time, at least the following procedures can be applied:

1) Procedures based on neighborhood relations

The small cells are connected among themselves and hold informationabout the respectively adjacent small cell. Each cell may be operatedaccording to one of the following approaches:

-   -   Each activated small cell, which already runs or is about to        establish an uplink connection with at least one further        terminal activates a number of n nearby small cells.    -   Each activated small cell holding no uplink connection to a        neighbouring cell for a specific period of time t notifies a        specific number of m nearest neighbouring small cells.    -   Each activated small cell along with a specific number of k        neighbouring small cells, which do not have an uplink connection        for a specific period of time t are deactivated and the        respectively neighbouring small cells are informed as well.

In this way, in front of each train a so-called wave of activated smallcells is preceding and afterwards a wave of deactivated small cells isfollowing. The parameters n, m, k and t are either fixed or are definedin dependence of the current or average speed of the devices.

2) Procedures based on measurements of the radio cells of the small celllayers. In a train or vehicle in general a mobile station is carried, aso-called a reference device, which is configured to regularly performdownlink signal strength measurements on the small cell layer. Betweenthe Radio Access Network RAN, which is the recipient of the measurementresults, and the position determination unit PDU this information (orlocation information derived from that information) is exchanged.Furthermore, control signals are exchanged between the PDU and the SFNcluster management unit, which in this example, comprises the ClusterPartitioning Unit CPU and the Resource Control Unit RCU, as shown inFIG. 9. Here, a train may carry a reference mobile device (UE_(Ref)) andthe measurement configuration and reporting may be done exclusively onthe macro cell layer. As a consequence the PDU may derive informationabout the location of a (group of) mobile device(s) from said macro cellMC, or from the mobile network operator's network domain (e.g., radioaccess network RAN and/or core network CN) in general.

FIG. 9 shows signalling aspects for position determination by areference device, which is carried in a group of further devices. Theconfiguration and transfer of measurement results can be carried out bya macro cell MC.

As shown in FIG. 9, a train may carry a reference mobile device(UE_(Ref)) that may be configured to measure downlink signal strength.Measurement configuration and reporting may be done exclusively on theMacro Cell MC layer. As a consequence the PDU may derive informationabout the location of the reference mobile device (UE_(Ref)) from themobile network operator's domain (e.g., radio access network RAN and/orcore network CN).

Alternatively, the measurement configuration and reporting may beperformed over the small cell layer itself, which is not shown in FIG.9.

Measurements over the Macro Cell layer concern inter-frequencymeasurements while measurements over the small cell layer concern intrafrequency measurements.

The network may be arranged to distinguish the measurement results ofthe at least one reference device from those of the further mobiledevices. This can be implemented through an analysis of the results ofthe downlink signal strength measurements, ideally before sending themto the network. For instance, the measurement results may be designatedby the reference device or the corresponding mobile terminal itself is,ideally when registering on the network, marked as the reference device.

The reference mobile device UE_(Ref) could be an autonomous deviceinstalled in the train and logically linked to other UEs identified asmoving in a correlated manner with UE_(Ref). The reference mobile devicecould alternatively be in the form of a repeater or relay station, withconnections to the UEs within the train carriage being made through thisrepeater or relay station.

When transferring measurement results to a base station, each radio cellof the small cell layer is to be clearly identified by an individualcharacteristic in the measurement results, for example a SFNtransmission point identifier. The use of separate cell ID is alsopossible. Since the identities of all the radio cells along the railwayline are known on the network side are, the measurement results of thereference device can be evaluated as follows. Those radio cells of thesmall cell layer with increasing downlink signal strength, can be addedto the respective SFN cluster, wherein those radio cells of the smallcell layer with a decreasing reception field strength are removed fromthe respective SFN cluster.

In order for the mobile terminals to uniquely identify a distinct radiocell in an SFN cluster, dissemination of individual SFN transmissionpoint identifiers (for instance, separate cell IDs) in downlinkdirection may be enabled. These various SFN transmission pointidentifiers may be sent on a set of shared downlink resources, or evenon exactly the same downlink resource (e.g., using a common set of timeslots/frames and/or a common set of frequencies) provided by the groupof radio cells forming the SFN cluster, while each radio cell transmitsits own SFN transmission point identifier. It may therefore bebeneficial to use orthogonal codes (e.g., pre-defined bit sequences of acertain length with suitable auto- and cross-correlation properties) inthe sending radio cells (as well as in the receiving mobile terminals).Said orthogonal codes may be used

-   -   as individual SFN transmission point identifiers themselves        (i.e. orthogonal codes may represent the radio cells' individual        cell IDs); or    -   for performing spreading operations on the individual SFN        transmission point identifiers (i.e. Code Division Multiplexing        methods may be used for dissemination of separate cell IDs on        the same radio resource); or    -   for performing cyclic shift operations (e.g., with radio cell        specific timing offsets) on individual SFN transmission point        identifiers; or    -   for combinations of the above.

Doing so would enable the receiving terminals to derive the individualSFN transmission point identifiers after transmission over the air,simply by applying the correlation properties of the codes/sequencesused. The mobile terminal may then include (information about) thedetected individual SFN transmission point identifier in itsmeasurements report or in any other suitable uplink message.

3) Based on a position being detected on the network side

The network may periodically determine the position and velocity of themobile device being mounted on a vehicle, the so-called referencedevice, for example by means of a network based positioning procedure.Control information may then be exchanged between the entity in chargeof performing network based positioning methods and at least one unitfrom the list of position determination unit PDU, the ClusterPartitioning Unit CPU and the Resource Control Unit RCU.

The information such that a particular mobile device is attached to avehicle can be stored on the network side.

Generally the geographical locations of the radio cells of the SFN alongthe railway line are known. Hence, using the determined position of thetrain by the SFN Cluster Management Unit the radio cells of the smallcell layer can be added to the respective SFN cluster along the plannedroute of the train and/or no longer used radio cells of the small celllayer are deactivated after the train or vehicle has passed.

4) Based on the position being determined by the train or generallyvehicle itself. The train itself can provide a GNSS module such as GPSwhich measures the current position (and speed) and a wireless modulewhich reports the position (and speed) measurements possibly along withassistance data pertaining to the train's current or predicted position,speed, trajectory, or heading to the network in regular intervals. Thereported position data is provided to the SFN Cluster Management Unit

The information can be provided more frequently and/or with a higheraccuracy at low speeds than as it can be provided at higher speeds, Theinformation indicating that a particular mobile device is associatedwith a fast moving vehicle can be stored in the mobile networkoperator's domain (e.g., radio access network RAN and/or core networkCN). Terminals with different movement behaviour such as cars with arather chaotic behaviour, traits with exact routes and fixed timetablecan be assigned a different periodicity of position detection.Alternatively, such information can be derived from the transmittedinformation, since both the route and the timetable are known on thenetwork side.

The person skilled in the art appreciates that aspects of theaforementioned approaches for activation and/or deactivation of SmallCells can be combined or enhanced with further techniques.

Hence, a position dependent selection of a subset of cells of the SFNaccompanies the train traveling at the same speed as the train along therailway. Mobile devices, repeaters or relay nodes that are carried in atrain can be served by the small cell layer for a long period of timewithout cell transfer procedures to other cells, such as handovers, andwithout transfers to other frequency layers.

Part F: General Aspects

The present invention also covers groups of terminals, which cannot beclearly separated from each other as it is the case with terminals inone train and further terminals in another train. Considering a highwayscenario, the Cluster Partitioning Unit CPU and the PositionDetermination Unit PDU recognize which terminals are located on whichpart of the highway. In the event that resources are not allocated for alonger period of time, a prediction of the movement, comprisingdirection and speed, is carried out to ensure orthogonality with otherdevices. Groups of terminals moving uniformly can be defined, which maybe more dynamic than the corresponding groups in the aforementionedtrain scenario. The described aspects can as well be used for autonomousdriving scenarios and consider movement behaviour such as speed,acceleration, braking, choice of lane, choice of route and the like.Hence, coordination with other devices to form a convoy or a line ofcars moving at the same speed can be performed.

A further aspect of the present invention is to support independentlymoving devices, for instance in a known mobile network to cover an areaof particular interest, such as a downtown location. The resourceallocation is performed based on the position of the individualterminal, which can be determined by the terminal itself or a basestation by receiving the uplink signal, or by other means.

The person skilled in the art appreciates further ways to implement thesubject matter of the present invention. The described methods can forinstance be accomplished by respective telecommunication protocols andcan be stored on at least one storage medium by means of storinginstructions for performing the method steps. Several of the suggesteduser equipment can be operated to jointly provide a telecommunicationsystem, if necessary under communication with further network devices.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for configuring individual basestations of a plurality of base stations to form a first singlefrequency network and a second single frequency network, whereindividual base stations forming each of the first single frequencynetwork and the second single frequency network share transmissionresources, the method comprising: detecting locations of a plurality ofuser equipment (UE) devices; forming a first grouping of UE devices anda second grouping of UE devices from the plurality of UE devicesfollowing an evaluation of movement patterns of the plurality of UEdevices; configuring at least one transmission parameter of theindividual base stations of the plurality of base stations to form thefirst and second single frequency networks to serve the first and secondgroupings of UE devices and adapting selections of base stations formingthe first and second single frequency networks as a function of amovement of the first and second groupings of UE devices, wherein afirst set of individual base stations forming the first single frequencynetwork simultaneously transmit the same signal to the first grouping ofUE devices using a first radio transmission resource pool and a secondset of individual base stations forming the second single frequencynetwork simultaneously transmit the same signal to the second groupingof UE devices using a second radio transmission resource pool, andwherein initially the base stations in the first set of individual basestations are not part of the second set of individual base stations; andusing a reduced sub-set of radio transmission resources of the first andsecond radio transmission resource pools for communication with thefirst and second groupings of UE devices when it is determined based ona movement of at least one of the first and second groupings of UEdevices that at least one base station from the first set of individualbase stations forming the first single frequency network should be partof both the first set of individual base stations forming the firstsingle frequency network and the second set of individual base stationsforming the second single frequency network.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein at least one determined base station of the first set ofindividual base stations is activated to join the first single frequencynetwork in response to the first grouping of UE devices approaching theat least one determined base station.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinat least one determined base station of the first set of individual basestations is detached from the first single frequency network in responseto the first grouping of UE devices moving away from the at least onedetermined base station.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein thefirst single frequency network is partitioned into clusters made up ofoperating subsets of base stations using respective orthogonalresources.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the locations aredetected repeatedly for estimating the movement patterns.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein detecting the location locations isaccomplished repeatedly according to one of a predefined schedule,predefined periods of time, and a predefined user equipment behaviourprofile.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein detecting thelocation locations comprises at least one of: detecting a presence ofthe user equipment plurality of UE devices, detecting a location of theuser equipment, detecting a trajectory, detecting a direction ofmovement, detecting a movement behaviour, detecting a handover event,detecting a cell reselection event, estimating a movement behaviour,reading out a provided movement profile, and considering an estimatedmovement profile.
 8. The method according to claim 1, whereinconfiguring the at least one transmission parameter comprises: forming afirst cluster of base stations being operated according to a first setof transmission parameters, and forming at least a second cluster ofbase stations being operated according to a second set of transmissionparameters.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein a first clusterof base stations is activated as a function of the detected locations,and wherein a second cluster of base stations is deactivated as afunction of the detected locations.
 10. The method according to claim 1,wherein plurality of UE devices are operated according to one of a groupof standards, the group of standards comprising GSM, UMTS, LTE, and IEEE802.11.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein one UE device ofthe first grouping is determined to be a reference device for the firstgrouping and wherein a determined movement of the reference device isused to establish the movement of the first grouping.
 12. The methodaccording to claim 11, wherein the reference device is a UE deviceinstalled in or on a vehicle.
 13. The method according to claim 12,wherein the reference device is identifiable as such on aninfrastructure side of the mobile communication network byidentification of a known device identifier or other marker.